Hulunbuir or Hulun Buir is a prefecture-level city in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. Its administrative center is located at Hailar District, its largest urban area. Major scenic features are the high steppes of the Hulun Buir grasslands, the Hulun Lake and Buir Lake lakes (the latter partially in Mongolia), and the Greater Khingan. Hulun Buir borders Russia to the north and west, Mongolia to the south and west, Heilongjiang province to the east and Hinggan League to the direct south. Hulunbuir is a Language contact area: next to Mandarin Chinese, Mongolian dialects such as Khorchin and Buryat language, the Mongolic language Daur language, and some Tungusic languages, including Oroqen language and Evenki language, are spoken there.
History
During the
Qing dynasty (1644–1912), Hulunbuir was part of
Heilongjiang province. The 1858 Treaty of Aigun established today's approximate Sino-Russian border, at a great loss to Heilongjiang's territory. In 1901, the Chinese Eastern Railway linked Hulunbuir to the rest of
northeast China and to Russian Far East. From 1912 to 1949, during the Republic of China (ROC) period, Hulunbuir was part of Xing'an and
Heilongjiang provinces. In winter 1912, the Barga Mongol people of Hulunbuir expelled the Chinese troops and administration and proclaimed the independence of Barga (Hulunbuir); afterwards they declared allegiance to the Bogdo Khan of Mongolia; an agreement between the
Russian Empire and the ROC on November 6/October 24, 1915 designated Hulunbuir a "special" region under direct subordination to the Central Government of China, but in practice Russia had partial control over day-to-day administration and economy.
[Кузьмин С.Л. Баргинский и харачинский вопросы в истории Восточной Азии (первая половина XX века). – Т. 1. Kuzmin. – М.: КМК. – 2021. – Т. 1. – 407 p. – ISBN 978-5-907372-78-8 (volume 1)][Кузьмин С.Л. Баргинский и харачинский вопросы в истории Восточной Азии (первая половина XX века). – Kuzmin. – М.: КМК. – 2022. – Т. 2. – 259 p.+илл. – ISBN 978-5-907372-93-1 (volume 2)] In 1929, the
Soviet Union broke this agreement and invaded Hulunbuir.
After the Japanese invasion of China, Hulunbuir became part of the Japanese
puppet state Manchukuo, which was not recognized by the Chinese. In the Chinese Civil War, the Chinese Communist Party gained the support of Inner Mongol leaders like
Ulanhu by promising the
irredentist expansion of Inner Mongolia into areas that had majorities of
Han Chinese and
Manchu people peoples.
After the Chinese Communist Revolution, Hulunbuir was annexed into Inner Mongolia, but the region kept economic ties to the rest of Northeast China via the Chinese Eastern Railway.
Names
The city was once a league (盟) of Inner Mongolia, until 10 October 2001. During the
Qing dynasty, it was known in Mandarin as
Hūlúnbùyǔ'ěr (t=呼倫布雨爾).
Administrative subdivisions
Hulunbuir is divided into 13 different county-level jurisdictions: one district, five county-level cities, four banners and three autonomous banners.
|
|
|
| Hailar District |
| 海拉尔区 | Hǎilā'ěr Qū | 344,947 | 1,440 | 181 |
| Jalainur District |
| 扎赉诺尔区 | Zhālàinuò'ěr Qū | 97,000 | 272 | 357 |
| Manzhouli |
| 满洲里市 | Mǎnzhōulǐ Shì | 152,473 | 424 | 360 |
| Zhalantun |
| 扎兰屯市 | Zhālántún Shì | 366,326 | 16,800 | 21.8 |
| Yakeshi |
| 牙克石市 | Yákèshí Shì | 352,177 | 27,590 | 12.8 |
Genhe
(Gengol City) |
| 根河市 | Gēnhé Shì | 110,441 | 19,659 | 5.6 |
| Ergun City |
| 额尔古纳市 | É'ěrgǔnà Shì | 76,667 | 28,000 | 2.7 |
| Arun Banner |
| 阿荣旗 | Āróng Qí | 278,744 | 12,063 | 23.1 |
New Barag Right Banner
(Xin Barag Barun Banner) |
| 新巴尔虎右旗 | Xīnbā'ěrhǔ Yòu Qí | 36,356 | 25,102 | 1.4 |
New Barag Left Banner
(Xin Barag Jun Banner) |
| 新巴尔虎左旗 | Xīnbā'ěrhǔ Zuǒ Qí | 40,258 | 22,000 | 1.8 |
Old Barag Banner
(Huqin Barag Banner) |
| 陈巴尔虎旗 | Chénbā'ěrhǔ Qí | 58,244 | 21,192 | 2.7 |
| Oroqen Autonomous Banner |
| 鄂伦春自治旗 | Èlúnchūn Zìzhìqí | 223,752 | 59,800 | 3.7 |
| Ewenki Autonomous Banner |
| 鄂温克族自治旗 | Èwēnkèzú Zìzhìqí | 134,981 | 19,111 | 7.1 |
| Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner |
| 莫力达瓦达斡尔族自治旗 | Mòlìdáwǎ Dáwò'ěrzú Zìzhìqí | 276,912 | 10,500 | 26.4 |
| |
Geography and climate
Hulunbuir itself (Hailar) has an extreme humid continental climate (Köppen
Dwb, Trewartha
Dcbd/Dcbc). Winters are long, very dry and severe, due to the semi−permanent
Siberian High, while summers are short, though very warm, and rather wet, due to the East Asian monsoon. At Hailar, the monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from in January to in July, while the annual mean is , relatively cold. With at least 58% of possible sunshine in all months and an annual total greater than 2,591.1 hours, sunny weather dominates year-round. Approximately 51% of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August.
Demographics
Transport
Airports include:
-
Hulunbuir Hailar Airport - Hailar
-
Zhalantun Chengjisihan Airport - Zhalantun
-
Xinbarag Youqi Baogede Airport - New Barag Right Banner
See also
Notes
Further reading
-
-
-
, -4033.
-
Bökecilagu. Kölün Boyir-un sonirqal-ud. Qayilar : Ȯbȯr Mongġol-un Soyol-un Keblel-u̇n Qoriy-a, 1988. 2, 8, 217 p. .
-
Möngkedalai. Hulunbeier samanjiao yu lamajiao shilüe = Kölün Boyir-un böge-yin śasin kiged lama-yin śasin-u tobci teüke. Beijing : Minzu chubanshe, 2014. 5, 4, 545 p., ill., biblio., index. .
External links
